System and method of acquiring multi-energy ct imaging data

ABSTRACT

A CT system includes a rotatable gantry having an opening for receiving an object to be scanned, and a controller configured to apply a first kVp for a first time period, apply a second kVp for a second time period, wherein the second time period is different from the first time period, acquire a first asymmetric view dataset during at least a portion of the first time period, acquire a second asymmetric view dataset during at least a portion of the second time period, and generate an image using the acquired first and second asymmetric view datasets.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priorityto U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/635,901 filed Dec. 11, 2009, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention relate generally to diagnostic imaging and,more particularly, to an apparatus and method of improving noise inmulti-energy CT imaging applications.

Typically, in computed tomography (CT) imaging systems, an x-ray sourceemits a fan-shaped or cone-shaped beam toward a subject or object, suchas a patient or a piece of luggage. Hereinafter, the terms “subject” and“object” shall include anything capable of being imaged. The beam, afterbeing attenuated by the subject, impinges upon an array of radiationdetectors. The intensity of the attenuated beam radiation received atthe detector array is typically dependent upon the attenuation of thex-ray beam by the subject. Each detector element of the detector arrayproduces a separate electrical signal indicative of the attenuated beamreceived by each detector element. The electrical signals aretransmitted to a data processing system for analysis, which ultimatelyproduces an image.

Generally, the x-ray source and the detector array are rotated about thegantry within an imaging plane and around the subject. X-ray sourcestypically include x-ray tubes, which emit the x-ray beam at a focalpoint. X-ray detectors typically include a collimator for collimatingx-ray beams received at the detector, a scintillator for convertingx-rays to light energy adjacent the collimator, and photodiodes forreceiving the light energy from the adjacent scintillator and producingelectrical signals therefrom. Typically, each scintillator of ascintillator array converts x-rays to light energy. Each scintillatordischarges light energy to a photodiode adjacent thereto. Eachphotodiode detects the light energy and generates a correspondingelectrical signal. The outputs of the photodiodes are then transmittedto the data processing system for image reconstruction.

A CT imaging system may include an energy sensitive (ES), multi-energy(ME), and/or dual-energy (DE) CT imaging system that may be referred toas an ESCT, MECT, and/or DECT imaging system, in order to acquire datafor material decomposition or effective Z or monochromatic imageestimation. ESCT/MECT/DECT provides energy discrimination. For example,in the absence of object scatter, the system derives the materialattenuation at a different energy based on the signal from two relativeregions of photon energy from the spectrum: the low-energy and thehigh-energy portions of the incident x-ray spectrum. In a given energyregion relevant to medical CT, two physical processes dominate the x-rayattenuation: (1) Compton scatter and the (2) photoelectric effect. Thesetwo processes are sensitive to the photon energy and hence each of theatomic elements has a unique energy sensitive attenuation signature.Therefore, the detected signals from two energy regions providesufficient information to resolve the energy dependence of the materialbeing imaged. Furthermore, detected signals from the two energy regionsprovide sufficient information to determine material attenuationcoefficients in terms of Compton scatter and photoelectric effect.Alternatively, the material attenuation may be expressed as the relativecomposition of an object composed of two hypothetical materials, or thedensity and effective atomic number with the scanned object. Asunderstood in the art, using a mathematical change of basis, energysensitive attenuation can be expressed in terms of two base materials,densities, effective Z number, or as two monochromatic representationshaving different keV.

Such systems may use a direct conversion detector material in lieu of ascintillator. One of the ESCT, MECT, and/or DECT imaging systems in anexample is configured to be responsive to different x-ray spectra.Energy sensitive detectors may be used such that each x-ray photonreaching the detector is recorded with its photon energy. One techniqueto acquire projection data for material decomposition includes usingenergy sensitive detectors, such as a CZT or other direct conversionmaterial having electronically pixelated structures or anodes attachedthereto. However, such systems typically include additional cost andcomplexity of operation in order separate and distinguish energy contentof each received x-ray photon.

In an alternative, a conventional scintillator-based third-generation CTsystem may be used to provide energy sensitive measurements. Suchsystems may acquire projections sequentially at different peakkilovoltage (kVp) operating levels of the x-ray tube, which changes thepeak and spectrum of energy of the incident photons comprising theemitted x-ray beams. A principle objective of scanning with twodistinctive energy spectra is to obtain diagnostic CT images thatenhance information (contrast separation, material specificity, etc.)within the image by utilizing two scans at different polychromaticenergy states.

One technique has been proposed to achieve energy sensitive scanningincluding acquiring two scans at, for instance, 80 kVp and 140 kVp. Thetwo scans may be obtained (1) back-to-back sequentially in time wherethe scans require two rotations of the gantry around the subject thatmay be hundreds of milliseconds to seconds apart, (2) interleaved as afunction of the rotation angle requiring one rotation around thesubject, or (3) using a two tube/two detector system with thetubes/detectors mounted ˜90 degrees apart, as examples.

High frequency, low capacitance generators have made it possible toswitch the kVp potential of the high frequency electromagnetic energyprojection source on alternating views and interleave datasets. As aresult, data for two energy sensitive scans may be obtained in atemporally interleaved fashion rather than with separate scans madeseveral seconds apart or with a two tube/two detector system. In orderto improve contrast and reduce or eliminate beam hardening artifacts, itis desirable to increase energy separation between high and low kVpscans. Energy separation may be increased by increasing energy in highkVp scans. However, high kVp scans may be limited due to systemstability at high voltage.

Alternatively, energy separation may be increased by decreasing energyin low kVp scans. However, x-ray attenuation may occur for low kVpprojections to the extent that system noise may swamp a received signal,and x-ray attenuation typically increases as the size of the imagingobject increases. As may be experienced in conventional single kVpimaging, imaging of some objects at, for instance, up to 120 kVp cancause projection data to be contaminated as detected signals become soweak that they are swamped out by other interfering signals such aselectronic system noise and scattered x-ray noise. This can result in adecreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Thus, poor SNR may result fromelectronic noise, which may be mitigated, to an extent, by increasingenergy separation between the low and high kVp scans, as an example.

However, there is a limit below which it may not be advantageous toobtain low kVp data. A low signal threshold may be determined belowwhich signals may be corrupted. The low signal threshold may be basedon, for instance, geometric factors related to the imaging system andother imaging parameters. Typically, the low signal threshold isdetermined and used to establish the low kVp energy level

Thus, SNR and other imaging characteristics may be improved byincreasing energy separation between high and low kVp scans. However,although energy separation may be increased by directing the generatorto apply a greater high kVp energy and to apply a lesser low kVp energy,the overall benefits may be limited because of high voltage stabilityissues on the high kVp end and because of electronic and other noise onthe low kVp end. Thus, there is a need to decrease noise in multi-energyimaging applications.

Therefore, it would be desirable to have a system and method ofobtaining multi-energy imaging data having reduced noise therein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention are directed to a method and apparatus forobtaining imaging data having reduced noise therein.

According to an aspect of the invention, a CT system includes arotatable gantry having an opening for receiving an object to bescanned, and a controller configured to apply a first kVp for a firsttime period, apply a second kVp for a second time period, wherein thesecond time period is different from the first time period, acquire afirst asymmetric view dataset during at least a portion of the firsttime period, acquire a second asymmetric view dataset during at least aportion of the second time period, and generate an image using theacquired first and second asymmetric view datasets.

According to another aspect of the invention, a method of imagingincludes selecting a rise time skew period based on characteristics of agenerator, selecting a fall time skew period, different from the risetime skew period, based on characteristics of the generator, triggeringacquisition of a low kVp dataset during a first timeframe and based onthe fall time skew period, triggering acquisition of a high kVp datasetduring a second timeframe and based on the rise time skew period,wherein the first timeframe is a time duration that is greater than atime duration of the second timeframe, and generating an image using atleast the acquired low kVp dataset and the acquired high kVp dataset.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, a computer readablestorage medium having a computer program stored thereon and representinga set of instructions that when executed by a computer causes thecomputer to optimize an energy separation between imaging data to beacquired at a first energy level and imaging data to be acquired at asecond energy level, the optimization based on a rise timecharacteristic and a fall time characteristic of a generator, acquire afirst view of imaging data for at least a portion of a first time periodwhile the first energy level is applied to an imaging source by thegenerator, acquire a second view of imaging data for at least a portionof a second time period while the second energy level is applied to theimaging source by the generator, and generate an image using theacquired first view of imaging data and the acquired second view ofimaging data.

These and other advantages and features will be more readily understoodfrom the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of theinvention that is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of a CT imaging system.

FIG. 2 is a block schematic diagram of the system illustrated in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a CT system detectorarray.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a detector.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart for adjusting low kVp data according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart for adjusting low kVp data according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart for determining local region projection scalingaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of obtaining low kVp and high kVp projectiondata according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a pictorial view of a CT system for use with a non-invasivepackage inspection system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of an asymmetric sampling interval andcorresponding symmetric sampling intervals.

FIG. 11 is an illustration of an asymmetric sampling interval andcorresponding symmetric sampling intervals.

FIG. 12 is a graphical illustration of high and low kVp integrationperiods having respective lag or skew periods associated therewith.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Diagnostics devices comprise x-ray systems, magnetic resonance (MR)systems, ultrasound systems, computed tomography (CT) systems, positronemission tomography (PET) systems, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, andother types of imaging systems. Applications of x-ray sources compriseimaging, medical, security, and industrial inspection applications.However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that animplementation is applicable for use with single-slice or othermulti-slice configurations. Moreover, an implementation is employablefor the detection and conversion of x-rays. However, one skilled in theart will further appreciate that an implementation is employable for thedetection and conversion of other high frequency electromagnetic energy.An implementation is employable with a “third generation” CT scannerand/or other CT systems.

The operating environment of the invention is described with respect toa sixty-four-slice computed tomography (CT) system. However, it will beappreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention is equallyapplicable for use with other multi-slice configurations, and withsystems having a capability of shifting, or “wobbling” the focal spotduring operation. Moreover, the invention will be described with respectto the detection and conversion of x-rays. However, one skilled in theart will further appreciate that the invention is equally applicable forthe detection and conversion of other high frequency electromagneticenergy. The invention will be described with respect to a “thirdgeneration” CT scanner, but is equally applicable with other CT systems.

A dual energy CT system and method is disclosed. Embodiments of theinvention support the acquisition of both anatomical detail as well astissue characterization information for medical CT, and for componentswithin luggage. Energy discriminatory information or data may be used toreduce the effects of beam hardening and the like. The system supportsthe acquisition of tissue discriminatory data and therefore providesdiagnostic information that is indicative of disease or otherpathologies. This detector can also be used to detect, measure, andcharacterize materials that may be injected into the subject such ascontrast agents and other specialized materials by the use of optimalenergy weighting to boost the contrast of iodine and calcium (and otherhigh atomic or materials). Contrast agents can, for example, includeiodine that is injected into the blood stream for better visualization.For baggage scanning, the effective atomic number generated from energysensitive CT principles allows reduction in image artifacts, such asbeam hardening, as well as provides addition discriminatory informationfor false alarm reduction.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a computed tomography (CT) imaging system 10is shown as including a gantry 12 representative of a “third generation”CT scanner. Gantry 12 has an x-ray source 14 that projects a beam ofx-rays 16 toward a detector assembly 18 that includes a collimator onthe opposite side of the gantry 12. In embodiments of the invention,x-ray source 14 includes either a stationary target or a rotatingtarget. Detector assembly 18 is formed by a plurality of detectors 20and data acquisition systems (DAS) 32. The plurality of detectors 20sense the projected x-rays that pass through a medical patient 22, andDAS 32 converts the data to digital signals for subsequent processing.Each detector 20 produces an analog electrical signal that representsthe intensity of an impinging x-ray beam and hence the attenuated beamas it passes through the patient 22. During a scan to acquire x-rayprojection data, gantry 12 and the components mounted thereon rotateabout a center of rotation 24.

Rotation of gantry 12 and the operation of x-ray source 14 are governedby a control mechanism 26 of CT system 10. Control mechanism 26 includesan x-ray controller 28 and generator 29 that provides power and timingsignals to x-ray source 14 and a gantry motor controller 30 thatcontrols the rotational speed and position of gantry 12. An imagereconstructor 34 receives sampled and digitized x-ray data from DAS 32and performs high speed reconstruction. The reconstructed image and theembodiments described herein are applied as an input to a computer 36which stores the image in a mass storage device 38, which may includecomputer RAM, discs, and the like.

Computer 36 also receives commands and scanning parameters from anoperator via console 40 that has some form of operator interface, suchas a keyboard, mouse, voice activated controller, or any other suitableinput apparatus. An associated display 42 allows the operator to observethe reconstructed image and other data from computer 36. The operatorsupplied commands and parameters are used by computer 36 to providecontrol signals and information to DAS 32, x-ray controller 28 andgantry motor controller 30. In addition, computer 36 operates a tablemotor controller 44 which controls a motorized table 46 to positionpatient 22 and gantry 12. Particularly, table 46 moves patients 22through a gantry opening 48 of FIG. 1 in whole or in part.

System 10 may be operated in either monopolar or bipolar modes. Inmonopolar operation, either the anode is grounded and a negativepotential is applied to the cathode, or the cathode is grounded and apositive potential is applied to the anode. Conversely, in bipolaroperation, an applied potential is split between the anode and thecathode. In either case, monopolar or bipolar, a potential is appliedbetween the anode and cathode, and electrons emitting from the cathodeare caused to accelerate, via the potential, toward the anode. When, forinstance, a −140 kV voltage differential is maintained between thecathode and the anode and the tube is a bipolar design, the cathode maybe maintained at, for instance, −70 kV, and the anode may be maintainedat +70 kV. In contrast, for a monopolar design having likewise a −140 kVstandoff between the cathode and the anode, the cathode accordingly ismaintained at this higher potential of −140 kV while the anode isgrounded and thus maintained at approximately 0 kV. Accordingly, theanode is operated having a net 140 kV difference with the cathode withinthe tube.

As shown in FIG. 3, detector assembly 18 includes rails 17 havingcollimating blades or plates 19 placed therebetween. Plates 19 arepositioned to collimate x-rays 16 before such beams impinge upon, forinstance, detector 20 of FIG. 4 positioned on detector assembly 18. Inone embodiment, detector assembly 18 includes 57 detectors 20, such aswill be illustrated, each detector 20 having an array size of 64×16 ofpixel elements 50. As a result, detector assembly 18 has 64 rows and 912columns (16×57 detectors) which allows 64 simultaneous slices of data tobe collected with each rotation of gantry 12.

Referring to FIG. 4, detector 20 includes DAS 32, with each detector 20including a number of detector elements 50 arranged in pack 51.Detectors 20 include pins 52 positioned within pack 51 relative todetector elements 50. Pack 51 is positioned on a backlit diode array 53having a plurality of diodes 59. Backlit diode array 53 is in turnpositioned on multi-layer substrate 54. Spacers 55 are positioned onmulti-layer substrate 54. Detector elements 50 are optically coupled tobacklit diode array 53, and backlit diode array 53 is in turnelectrically coupled to multi-layer substrate 54. Flex circuits 56 areattached to face 57 of multi-layer substrate 54 and to DAS 32. Detectors20 are positioned within detector assembly 18 by use of pins 52.

In the operation of one embodiment, x-rays impinging within detectorelements 50 generate photons which traverse pack 51, thereby generatingan analog signal which is detected on a diode within backlit diode array53. The analog signal generated is carried through multi-layer substrate54, through flex circuits 56, to DAS 32 wherein the analog signal isconverted to a digital signal.

The following discussion refers to an embodiment of the invention thatincludes high and low kVp projection datasets from a single energysource having a single detector and a single controller. However, it isto be understood that the invention is equally applicable to a broadrange of systems that include but are not limited to having two moresources and two or more detectors. In such systems, a single controllermay be used for controlling the sources and detectors, or multiplecontrollers may be used.

Further, the following discussion refers to obtaining low kVp and highkVp projection data, and correcting the low kVp projection data usingthe high kVp projection data, as will be further described. However, itis to be understood that the invention is generally applicable tocorrection of data obtained at one kVp by using data obtained at anotherkVp. For instance, in the following discussion it is assumed that thelow kVp data includes a higher level of noise (or worse statistics),that can lead to image artifacts, than the high kVp data, and thus thehigh kVp data is used to correct the low kVp data. But, in instanceswhere lower noise or better statistics are obtained in the low kVpprojection data as compared to the obtained high kVp projection data,this invention is likewise applicable thereto, and a high frequencycomponent of, or statistics from, the low kVp projection data, in thisexample, could equally be used to correct for high noise and/or poorstatistics in the high kVp projection data.

Referring to FIG. 5, a technique 200 for acquiring and mitigating lowkVp CT imaging data is shown. Technique 200 includes acquiring high andlow kVp projection data or datasets at step 202 using, for instance,generator 29 of FIG. 2 to energize source 14, and determining at step204 whether to apply a low kVp signal mitigation or correction step,according to embodiments of the invention. The determination at step 204may be objectively based on a low signal threshold (LST) value, systemcharacteristics, image acquisition settings, and the like.Alternatively, the determination at step 204 may be subjectively basedon a user observation when, for instance, streaking or other artifactsare observed in final images.

If no mitigation or correction step is to be applied 206, then finalimages are generated at step 208 using the high and kVp projection dataacquired at step 202. However, if mitigation or correction is to beapplied 210, then high frequency data from high kVp projection data isused to mitigate low kVp projection data at step 212, as will be furtherillustrated in FIG. 6. A dual-energy image is generated at step 214using the acquired high kVp projection data and the adjusted low kVpprojection data, according to known methods for dual-energy imagereconstruction.

Once it has been determined to mitigate low kVp data at step 210 of FIG.5, then high frequency resolutions patterns are extracted from high kVpprojections and added to acquired low kVp projections, according toembodiments of the invention. According to one embodiment, asillustrated in FIG. 6, low kVp signal resolution is enhanced ormitigated by using neighboring high kVp projection data. In thisembodiment, channels of low kVp projections are assessed against an LSTand, if one or more channels is below the LST, then adjacent high kVpprojections are combined and a high frequency component is extractedtherefrom. In one embodiment, the LST is defined as a point wherein lowsignal corruption begins, and may be empirically determined relative toa basis phantom and based on operating conditions. For instance, the LSTmay be determined based on one or more parameters such as a number ofviews per rotation, focal spot wobble, gantry rotation period, geometricefficiency, component geometry (i.e., source, detector, etc.), detectorlight output, DAS efficiency, DAS electronic noise, kVp, mA, or thelike.

Thus, FIG. 6 represents a loop 300 for low kVp data mitigation thatbegins at step 302, where a low kVp projection is identified forpossible mitigation. At step 304, channels of the identified low kVpprojection are assessed against an LST. If not below the LST 306, then aquery is made at step 308 as to whether more low kVp datasets should beassessed. If so 310, then the next low kVp projection dataset isconsidered at step 312. However, if all low kVp projections have beenassessed and there are none remaining for consideration 314, then animage is reconstructed using high kVp data and the mitigated low kVpdata at step 316 as discussed with respect to FIG. 5 at step 214.

Low kVp data may be mitigated as further illustrated in FIG. 6. Thus,when assessing low kVp projection data against the LST, as stated, ifone or more channels of the low kVp dataset is below the LST 318, thenthe low kVp projection dataset is corrected, using high frequency dataextracted from the high kVp projection data H(n), according to anembodiment of the invention.

Thus, according to this embodiment, H(n−1) and H(n+1) are determined atstep 320 that are adjacent to the low kVp projection data L(n) that isto be mitigated. An average or weighted average high kVp projectionH_(a)(n) is determined at step 322 using:

H _(a)(n)=(H(n−1)+H(n+1))/2;  Eqn. 1.

A scaled high kVp projection, H_(s)(n) is determined at step 324 usingthe average or weighted average high kVp projection H_(a)(n):

H _(s)(n)=(1−H _(a)(n))*Sf(n)+1;  Eqn. 2.

The invention applies to averaging of data, whether the averaging issimple averaging or by weighted averaging. Averaging typically includessimple averaging of data, whereas a weighted average includes averagingdata with non-equal weighting, as is understood in the art. In otherwords, as is understood in the art, some data may be weighted more thanothers. However and regardless, both weighted and non-weighted averagingare included within embodiments of the invention and are encompassedwhen referring to any type of averaging.

Scaling factor Sf(n) may be determined by a variety of methods, and willbe further illustrated below, according to embodiments of the invention.A filtered high kVp projection H_(sm)(n) is formed at step 326 byfiltering out high frequency components from the scaled high kVpprojection, H_(s)(n). High frequencies are extracted at step 328 fromthe scaled high kVp projection, H_(s)(n) by subtracting the filteredhigh kVp projection H_(sm)(n) therefrom, to form a high frequencyprojection H_(δ)(n):

H _(δ)(n)=H _(s)(n)−H _(sm)(n);  Eqn. 3.

Filtered or base low kVp projection data L_(m)(n) is formed at step 330by filtering out high frequency components from the low kVp projectiondata L(n). Once filtered, high frequency data H_(δ)(n) is added to thefiltered low kVp projection L_(m)(n) to form a low kVp projection forreconstruction, L_(R)(n), at step 332:

L _(R)(n)=L _(m)(n)+H _(δ)(n);  Eqn. 4.

Scaling factor Sf(n) may be determined by a variety of methods.According to one embodiment, an average or weighted average scalingfactor Sf(n) is determined by using both a mean low kVp projection,L_(M)(n), as determined from the low kVp projection L(n), and theaveraged or weighted average high kVp projection, H_(a)(n) (asdetermined above):

$\begin{matrix}{{{{Sf}(n)} = \frac{{\sum 1} - {L_{M}(n)}}{{\sum 1} - {H_{a}(a)}}};} & {{Eqn}.\mspace{14mu} 5.}\end{matrix}$

According to another embodiment, scaling factor Sf(n) is determined overa local bin or sub-region. According to this embodiment, a method ofdetermining scaling factor Sf(n) includes calculating a local scalefactor for regions of channel bins (for example 75 wide), and creating achannel dependent scale factor vector and low pass filtering the scalefactor vector (for example with a 150 point wide hanning kernel). Theexample is based on a 71 channel single dimensional low pass signalcorrection filter. Thus, referring to FIG. 7, at step 400 a local regionscaling factor Sf_(r) is determined for regions of channel bins, achannel dependent scale factor having constant values is created inaccordance with Sf_(r)(j,n) within each sub-region bin at step 402, andthe scale factor is low pass filtered at step 404 using, for instance, a50 point hanning kernel.

In order to further minimize or mitigate the effects of low signal inlow kVp CT imaging data, high and low kVp projection data may beobtained in such a fashion that may reduce the need to mitigate theacquired data using either a conventional or known low signal mitigationscheme, or by using a scheme such as is illustrated in FIG. 5 above.According to one method, high and low kVp projection data may beacquired in asymmetric sampling intervals such that the low kVpintegration period is greater than the high kVp integration period.Thus, referring to FIG. 8, a generator, such as generator 29 of FIGS. 1and 2, may be configured to output low and high kVp 450. Low kVp 452 isoutput for a first period 454, and high kVp 456 is output for a secondperiod 458. As illustrated, first period 454 occurs for a time periodthat is greater than second time period 458. Actual or achieved kVpoutput includes resulting fall times 468 and rise times 470 due to thecapacitance of the system and other known effects.

Correspondingly, low and high kVp integration includes low kVpintegration periods 474 and high kVp integration periods 476, which arecaused to trigger in conjunction with switching from low kVp to highkVp, and vice versa. As such, integration of the low kVp signal occursfor a time period that is greater than a time period of integration ofthe high kVp signal. This allows more x-ray photons to be captured andintegrated per sample, thereby increasing the desired detected signalabove, for instance, electronic noise. In one embodiment, improvementmay be realized by asymmetrically combining fixed trigger intervals. Inone example, data may be sequentially and symmetrically acquired during,for instance, three fixed sample intervals at low kVp and thensequentially during two fixed sample intervals at high kVp. However,sampling in view addition or symmetrical schemes effectively increasesthe noise floor. As such, according to embodiments of the invention, lowand high kVp integration periods 474, 476 include asymmetricallyacquired data, as will be discussed. It is to be understood that signaland cost optimization may be realized by combining embodiments andassessing tradeoffs accordingly. As one example, total low kVpintegration may be set for a time period that exceeds high kVpintegration, but such may include symmetrically acquired data, as willbe described below. As such, the noise benefit of extended integrationat low kVp may be offset to an extent by symmetrically obtaining suchdata.

Thus, when data is acquired having asymmetric time intervals or withmultiple/sequential low kVp shots and subsequently multiple/sequentialhigh kVp shots, then embodiments of the invention include weighting theacquired projection data to account for the corresponding locations ofthe gantry, as understood in the art. For instance, when determiningneighboring high kVp projection data at step 320, and subsequentlyaveraging the acquired data as described with respect to Eqn. 1 above,then Eqn. 1 is appropriately modified by weighting the neighboring highkVp projections H(n−1) and H(n+1) to account for the asymmetry of theacquired data. Further, one skilled in the art will recognize thatmultiple neighboring high kVp projections may be used to obtain theaverage or weighted average high kVp projection H_(a)(n) at step 322.

Yet another method that can be used independently or in conjunction withany of the disclosed methods and techniques herein is to increase thelow kVp integration interval by decreasing the number of projections.This can be done while taking into account and optimizing for azimuthalresolution loss and view aliasing.

Further, it is possible to determine from scout data when projectionsare likely to be compromised. In one embodiment, orthogonal scanprojection data is acquired for both lateral and anterior-posterior (AP)scout scans. After accounting for bowtie attenuation, for each Z-widthcovered per rotation, view averages may be obtained and separated intocenter and edge zones. A projection measure (PM) (attenuation in termsnormalized to water) is compared to a low signal threshold (LST) that isa function of operating conditions for the scanner. In embodiments ofthe invention, patient attenuation and LST can be stated directly interms of pre-log signal intensity or by using post log PM and LST.Accordingly, using both the lateral and the AP scout scans, and LST-PMcan be determined for respective lateral and AP views and, if a LST-PMis below a set limit, then a reduced view rate in corresponding sectionsor views may be used.

In the above discussion, it should be understood that “low kVp” data isa general terminology to describe the projection dataset having worsestatistics during a dual energy acquisition. For example, in a dualtube-detector configuration (two sets of tube-detector pairs that areoffset by roughly 90-degree angle, as an example), additional filtrationcan be applied to the high kVp tube-detector (e.g., additional Sn filterfor 140 kVp setting) and increased low kVp for the other tube-detectorpair (e.g., increase from 80 kVp to 100 kVp). However, as stated, it ispossible that the dataset with lower kVp setting (100 kVp) has lowernoise than the higher kVp setting (140 kVp). In this case, thecorrection approach outlined above is applied to the higher kVp setting(140 kVp) instead of the lower kVp setting (100 kVp).

It should also be understood that the process outlined above (low-passfiltering of the “low kVp” data and addition of the high-pass filtered“high kVp” data) is for illustration purpose to demonstrate the leverageof “high kVp” information to correct for “low kVp” deficiencies.However, other approaches can be used to correct for such deficiencies,according to the invention. For example, for “low kVp” channels thatexhibit significant noise, we could fit corresponding “high kVp”channels to “low kVp” channels to obtain an estimation of erroneous “lowkVp” channels. To be more specific, if a channel k of the “low kVp”channel does not pass a threshold test, nearby channels from k−n to k+nof the “high kVp” data may be used to perform a polynomial fit of the“low kVp” data from k−n to k+n to obtain an estimation of “low kVp”channel k with a fitted “high kVp” channel k.

It should also be understood that filtration parameters (e.g., bothhigh-pass and low-pass described in FIG. 6) can be changed dynamicallydependent on measured projection data.

Referring now to FIG. 9, package/baggage inspection system 510 includesa rotatable gantry 512 having an opening 514 therein through whichpackages or pieces of baggage may pass. The rotatable gantry 512 housesa high frequency electromagnetic energy source 516 as well as a detectorassembly 518 having scintillator arrays comprised of scintillator cellssimilar to that shown in FIG. 4. A conveyor system 520 also is providedand includes a conveyor belt 522 supported by structure 524 toautomatically and continuously pass packages or baggage pieces 526through opening 514 to be scanned. Objects 526 are fed through opening514 by conveyor belt 522, imaging data is then acquired, and theconveyor belt 522 removes the packages 526 from opening 514 in acontrolled and continuous manner. As a result, postal inspectors,baggage handlers, and other security personnel may non-invasivelyinspect the contents of packages 526 for explosives, knives, guns,contraband, etc.

As discussed, multi-energy data may be acquired during symmetric orasymmetric sampling intervals. In general, view data may besymmetrically acquired and combined to generate imaging data at a givenkVp. For instance, an integration period may be divided into threesymmetric windows (FIG. 10) or into two symmetric windows (FIG. 11), asexamples. However, when combining such symmetrically obtained views ofdata, electronic noise (En) compounds proportionally to the square rootof the number of view datasets that are being combined:

Noise∝√{square root over (#views*En)};  Eqn. 7.

In other words, in one example, if an integration period includes acombination of three view datasets, then electronic noise during thisintegration period is compounded by a factor of √{square root over (3)},which equals approximately 1.7. Similarly, in another example, if anyintegration period includes a combination of two view datasets, thenelectronic noise during this integration period is compounded by afactor of √{square root over (2)}, which is approximately 1.4. Thesymmetric intervals will be described and illustrated with respect toFIGS. 10 and 11.

Referring now to FIGS. 10 and 11, sampling intervals comprising bothsymmetric and asymmetric are illustrated. In a first example shown inFIG. 10, an integration period 550 is a period for image dataintegration that may correspond to, for instance, low kVp integrationperiod 474 or high kVp integration period 476 of FIG. 8. As stated, foran integration period having electronic noise En and three symmetricview datasets, the total electronic noise N is thus approximately 1.7times the electronic noise or approximately 1.7×En. Conversely, stillreferring to FIG. 10, image data may be acquired asymmetrically,according to embodiments of the invention. That is, a single set of viewdata may be obtained or sampled during integration period 550.Alternatively, data may be sampled or integrated in a symmetricarrangement. In a symmetric arrangement, view data may be acquiredduring three distinct and symmetric view windows 552. Each set of viewdata includes a corresponding level of electronic noise En.

In the second example in FIG. 11, an integration period 554 maycorrespond to low kVp integration period 474 or high kVp integrationperiod 476, as illustrated in FIG. 8. As stated, for an integrationperiod having electronic noise En and two symmetric view datasets, totalelectronic noise N is thus approximately 1.4 times the electronic noise,thus equals approximately 1.4×En. Conversely, still referring to FIG.11, image data may be acquired asymmetrically, according to theinvention. That is, a single set of view data may be obtained or sampledduring a low kVp integration period that may correspond to, forinstance, low kVp integration period 474 or high kVp integration period476 of FIG. 8. Integration period 554 may be integrated in a symmetricalarrangement or an asymmetric arrangement, both of which are illustratedfor discussion purposes. In a symmetric arrangement, view data may beacquired during two distinct view windows 556. Each view datasetincludes a corresponding level of electronic noise En.

Because the asymmetric acquisition corresponds to a single set of viewdata acquired during each integration period, there is no compoundingeffect of electronic noise as was described in the symmetricillustrations as discussed with respect to FIGS. 10 and 11. Thus,according to one embodiment of the invention, a single set of view datamay be asymmetrically acquired by integrating imaging signals for eachrespective low kVp and high kVp period. Because the effect of noise istypically of greater significance during a low kVp integration period(that is, SNR is potentially more compromised at low kVp than at highkVp as a result of electronic noise), embodiments of the invention mayinclude symmetrically acquiring data during, for instance, a high kVpintegration period, and asymmetrically acquiring data during a low kVpintegration period.

As understood in the art, a longer integration period may affect imageresolution to an extent when obtaining CT data. However, in some imagingapplications, the image resolution may play a secondary role whenconsidered against image noise. Thus, it is to be understood thatasymmetric integration intervals may be selected by optimizing betweenimage noise and image resolution. In one example, for instance, a lowkVp signal may range from 3-8 times less than a high kVp signal, hence alow kVp integration period may be 3-8 times greater than a high kVpintegration period.

Further, it is to be understood that integration intervals typicallyinclude integration during fall times and rise times, such as fall times468 and rise times 470 as discussed with respect to FIG. 8. Forinstance, low kVp integration period 474 includes fall time 468, andhigh kVp integration period 476 includes rise time 470. However,integration during fall and rise times can negatively impact imagenoise, and it may be desirable to selectively integrate one or bothhaving extended portions of the fall and rise times during, forinstance, the high kVp integration periods. In other words, becauseincreased electronic or other noise may be associated with fall and risetimes during a multi energy image application, and because SNR tends tobe higher during a high kVp period as compared to a low kVp period, itmay be desirable to skew the trigger points for integration such thatthe noise associated therewith is preferably integrated during the highkVp period. Further, fall times and rise times may typically havedifferent time constants, and noise during both may be different. Thus,according to an embodiment, trigger points for high kVp and low kVpintegration periods may be triggered independently to best optimizenoise against, for instance, image resolution. The trigger points may beselected by determining an amount of skew between a trigger point of akVp to be applied and a trigger point for acquiring view data. Thus,according to an embodiment of the invention, an amount of rise time skewand fall time skew may be selected based on characteristics of agenerator.

Referring now to FIG. 12, high and low kVp may be applied, and theirrespective integration periods skewed therefrom, according to anembodiment of the invention. In order to illustrate this embodiment,that illustrated in FIG. 12 will be discussed with respect to high andlow kVp application, rise and fall times, and integration periods asthey correspond to respective elements of FIG. 8. FIG. 12 illustrates afirst pair of high and low kVp applications and represents a repeatingpattern of high and low kVp shots as illustrated in FIG. 8. A low kVp isoutput for a first period 454, and a high kVp is output for a secondperiod 458. In one embodiment, second period 458 begins at the start ofa voltage rise time 470 and ends at the start of a voltage fall time468. First period 454 begins at the start of voltage fall time 468 andends at the start of the next voltage rise time 470. The high and lowkVp voltages stabilize to steady state after their respective voltagerise time or fall time 470, 468.

Low and high kVp signals may be integrated during respective periods474, 476. However, in contrast to that illustrated in FIG. 8, low andhigh kVp integration periods 474, 476 in FIG. 12 may be skewed or offsetfrom the start of rise time 470 and fall time 468 in order to have thenoise of the fall and rise times that corresponds to the high kVp beincluded in the high kVp integrated signal, in one example. In oneembodiment, triggering the low and high integration periods 474, 476 maybe offset the same amount of time from trigger points where respectivelow and high kVp is applied via the generator. However, in anotherembodiment of the invention, the low and high integration periods 474,476 may be separately controllable by effectively separately controllinga rise time lag or skew period 558 (skew R) and a fall time lag or skewperiod 560 (skew F), as illustrated. In one embodiment, skew R 558 isset to zero, thus noise associated with rise time 470 is preferablyincluded in the high kVp integration data. One skilled in the art willrecognize that both skew R 558 and skew F 560 may be separatelycontrolled in a fashion that minimizes overall noise, according toembodiments of the invention.

Thus, according to embodiments of the invention, data may beasymmetrically obtained in order to minimize overall noise during anintegration period. Further, skews during rise and fall times may beselectively and individually controlled in order that noise associatedtherewith may be preferentially included in the high kVp integrationdata, according to one embodiment. The skews may be iterated upon, asunderstood in the art, to optimize noise performance in acquired dataand to optimize and balance competing factors that may include noise,resolution, and energy separation, as examples.

An implementation of embodiments of the invention in an examplecomprises a plurality of components such as one or more of electroniccomponents, hardware components, and/or computer software components. Anumber of such components can be combined or divided in animplementation of the embodiments of the invention. An exemplarycomponent of an implementation of the embodiments of the inventionemploys and/or comprises a set and/or series of computer instructionswritten in or implemented with any of a number of programming languages,as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

An implementation of the embodiments of the invention in an exampleemploys one or more computer readable storage media. An example of acomputer-readable signal-bearing medium for an implementation of theembodiments of the invention comprises the recordable data storagemedium of the image reconstructor 34, and/or the mass storage device 38of the computer 36. A computer-readable storage medium for animplementation of the embodiments of the invention in an examplecomprises one or more of a magnetic, electrical, optical, biological,and/or atomic data storage medium. For example, an implementation of thecomputer-readable signal-bearing medium comprises floppy disks, magnetictapes, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, hard disk drives, and/or electronic memory.

A technical contribution for the disclosed method and apparatus is thatit provides for a computer-implemented apparatus and method of acquiringimaging data at more than one energy range using a multi-energy imagingsource.

According to an embodiment of the invention, a CT system includes arotatable gantry having an opening for receiving an object to bescanned, and a controller configured to apply a first kVp for a firsttime period, apply a second kVp for a second time period, wherein thesecond time period is different from the first time period, acquire afirst asymmetric view dataset during at least a portion of the firsttime period, acquire a second asymmetric view dataset during at least aportion of the second time period, and generate an image using theacquired first and second asymmetric view datasets.

According to another embodiment of the invention, a method of imagingincludes selecting a rise time skew period based on characteristics of agenerator, selecting a fall time skew period, different from the risetime skew period, based on characteristics of the generator, triggeringacquisition of a low kVp dataset during a first timeframe and based onthe fall time skew period, triggering acquisition of a high kVp datasetduring a second timeframe and based on the rise time skew period,wherein the first timeframe is a time duration that is greater than atime duration of the second timeframe, and generating an image using atleast the acquired low kVp dataset and the acquired high kVp dataset.

According to yet another embodiment of the invention, a computerreadable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon andrepresenting a set of instructions that when executed by a computercauses the computer to optimize an energy separation between imagingdata to be acquired at a first energy level and imaging data to beacquired at a second energy level, the optimization based on a rise timecharacteristic and a fall time characteristic of a generator, acquire afirst view of imaging data for at least a portion of a first time periodwhile the first energy level is applied to an imaging source by thegenerator, acquire a second view of imaging data for at least a portionof a second time period while the second energy level is applied to theimaging source by the generator, and generate an image using theacquired first view of imaging data and the acquired second view ofimaging data.

While the invention has been described in detail in connection with onlya limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood thatthe invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, theinvention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations,alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretoforedescribed, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of theinvention. Furthermore, while single energy and dual-energy techniquesare discussed above, the invention encompasses approaches with more thantwo energies. Additionally, while various embodiments of the inventionhave been described, it is to be understood that aspects of theinvention may include only some of the described embodiments.Accordingly, the invention is not to be seen as limited by the foregoingdescription, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.

1. A CT system comprising: a rotatable gantry having an opening forreceiving an object to be scanned; and a controller configured to: applya first kVp for a first time period; apply a second kVp for a secondtime period, wherein the second time period is different from the firsttime period; acquire a first asymmetric view dataset during at least aportion of the first time period; acquire a second asymmetric viewdataset during at least a portion of the second time period; andgenerate an image using the acquired first and second asymmetric viewdatasets.
 2. The CT system of claim 1 wherein the controller isconfigured to acquire the first asymmetric view dataset after a falltime skew period and configured to acquire the second asymmetric viewdataset after a rise time skew period.
 3. The CT system of claim 2wherein the fall time skew period and the rise time skew period comprisedifferent time durations.
 4. The CT system of claim 1 wherein the firstasymmetric view dataset is acquired beginning after passage of a falltime skew time period, the fall time skew time period comprising anamount of time between when the first kVp is applied by the controllerand when the controller causes the first asymmetric view dataset to betriggered.
 5. The CT system of claim 1 wherein the second asymmetricview dataset is acquired after passage of a rise time skew time period,the rise time skew time period comprising an amount of time between whenthe second kVp is applied by the controller and when the controllercauses the second asymmetric view dataset to be triggered.
 6. The CTsystem of claim 1 wherein the second kVp is greater than the first kVp.7. The CT system of claim 6 wherein the first kVp is approximately 80kVp and the second kVp is approximately 140 kVp.
 8. A method of imaging,the method comprising: selecting a rise time skew period based oncharacteristics of a generator; selecting a fall time skew period,different from the rise time skew period, based on characteristics ofthe generator; triggering acquisition of a low kVp dataset during afirst timeframe and based on the fall time skew period; triggeringacquisition of a high kVp dataset during a second timeframe and based onthe rise time skew period, wherein the first timeframe is a timeduration that is greater than a time duration of the second timeframe;and generating an image using at least the acquired low kVp dataset andthe acquired high kVp dataset.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the risetime skew period and the fall time skew period are different from oneanother.
 10. The method of claim 8 wherein triggering acquisition of thefirst timeframe and the second timeframe are separately controllable.11. The method of claim 8 comprising: applying a first kVp to an x-raysource to generate low kVp x-rays during the first timeframe; andapplying a second kVp to the x-ray source to generate high kVp x-raysduring the second timeframe.
 12. The method of claim 8 comprising:obtaining only one view dataset during the first timeframe; andobtaining only one view dataset during the second timeframe.
 13. Acomputer readable storage medium having a computer program storedthereon and representing a set of instructions that when executed by acomputer causes the computer to: optimize an energy separation betweenimaging data to be acquired at a first energy level and imaging data tobe acquired at a second energy level, the optimization based on a risetime characteristic and a fall time characteristic of a generator;acquire a first view of imaging data for at least a portion of a firsttime period while the first energy level is applied to an imaging sourceby the generator; acquire a second view of imaging data for at least aportion of a second time period while the second energy level is appliedto the imaging source by the generator; and generate an image using theacquired first view of imaging data and the acquired second view ofimaging data.
 14. The computer readable storage medium of claim 13wherein the instructions cause the computer to: apply a first kVp energylevel via the generator for the first time period; and apply a secondkVp energy level via the generator for the second time period.
 15. Thecomputer readable storage medium of claim 14 wherein the first kVpenergy level is approximately 80 kVp and the second kVp energy level isapproximately 140 kVp.
 16. The computer readable storage medium of claim14 wherein the second kVp energy level is greater than the first kVpenergy level.
 17. The computer readable storage medium of claim 14wherein the instructions cause the computer to separately control afirst time lag before applying the first kVp energy level and a secondtime lag before applying the second kVp energy level.
 18. The computerreadable storage medium of claim 13 wherein the instructions that causethe computer to optimize the energy separation cause the computer to:determine a rise time skew period based on the rise time characteristicof the generator; and determine a fall time skew period based on thefall time characteristic of the generator.
 19. The computer readablestorage medium of claim 18 wherein the rise time skew period and thefall time skew period are determined to be different from one another.20. The computer readable storage medium of claim 18 wherein theinstructions cause the computer to: acquire the first view of imagingdata based on the determined fall time skew period; and acquire thesecond view of imaging data based on the determined rise time skewperiod.